Camera Battery

May 14, 2012

3 in 1 FM Transmitter for iPhone, iPad, iPod

Filed under: FM Transmitter — Tags: , — anne @ 6:53 am

Playing music from an iPod, iPhone and iPad through an FM Radio has never been easier. Simply plug the FM Transmitter into the dock connector, press the Auto Scan button and enjoy music through your FM Car Radio or home Stereo System.

The clever Auto Scan button finds the clearest frequency to play your music through without the hassle of tuning. To fine tune you can also manually adjust the FM Transmitter from 87.9 MHz to 107.9 MHz frequency range, for the clearest possible signal.

The lightweight and compact design allows for easy use without any cables. Batteries are not required as the transmitter powers directly from the iPod, iPhone or iPad. The FM Transmitter for iPhone also features a bright illuminated display for easy viewing in any light and a Pass-thru connector so you can charge your iPod or iPhone using an additional USB Micro-B cable.

    • Play iPod, iPhone, iPad music through any car stereo or FM Radi
    • 87.9Mhz to 107.9Mhz FM frequency rang
    • Auto Scan – Tunes the best FM frequency at the touch of a butto
    • LCD frequency display with blue background ligh
    • Plug into the dock connector and play
    • No batteries required

iPhon FM Transmittere

FM Transmitter Technical Specs:

Weight (Kg) 0.04
Device Compatibility iPhone, iPhone 3G/3GS, iPhone 3Gs, iPhone 4, iPod touch 2G, iPod touch 3G, iPod touch 4G, iPod classic 80GB, iPod classic 160GB, iPod nano 4G, iPod nano 5G, iPod nano 6G, iPad, iPad 2
lcd_display No
Frequency Range 87.9Mhz to 107.9Mhz FM
Power Source Device Power
Charges Device No
Preset Recall No
Connectivity Apple 30 pin Connector
Colour Black
Website http://www.sales-battery.com/3-in-1-fm-transmitter-with-remote-control-for-iphone-ipod.htm

May 8, 2012

ASUS Zenbook UX31 Laptop Review

Filed under: Laptop Review — Tags: — anne @ 9:27 am

ASUS Zenbook UX31

The ASUS Zenbook UX31 aluminum alloy top cover of concentric lines, and special material processing, so that face the extraordinary glare effect, Obsidian Black, the application adds to the mystery of the product. Hand feels that the roof does not exist any uncomfortable feeling, delicate and moist to the touch of the roof performance allows the user to experience a comfortable.

Asus UX31 left the design of a USB 2.0, a headphone jack and a multi-card reader. The right side of the design of a miniHDMI is a miniDP, a USB3.0 and a power jack. Although the left and right side of the interface is not rich, but as the Ultrabook the standard configuration, the daily application of basic enough.

As thin Ultrabook want to add more interfaces in the front and rear of the fuselage side just as you would like the precious stone on the blade as impractical, and this will reduce the positioning accuracy of the Ultrabook itself. So the front and rear ends and do not set any interface.

The ASUS ZENBOOK UX31 weight control is still quite good. Bare metal weighs only 1.42 kg, the travel weight of only 1.59 kg. The notebook is equipped with the power adapter is a small bright spot, this power adapter is a new design of a compact adapter weighs less than 200 g. It is because of such a compact and lightweight adapter, ASUS ZENBOOK UX31 ultra-light travel weight of 1.59 kg for the user to bring a great portable experience.

Asus UX31 is the 16:9 13-inch LCD panel resolution of 1600 × 900 display more than the most common home models. By the different angle of rotation of the screen in addition to the resolution of a larger viewing angle than ordinary household models, see Asus UX31 in the choice of materials, hardware, and no discount.

The entry-level configuration we tested sports a 1.7GHz Core i5-2557M processor, 4GB of RAM and a 128GB ADATA SandForce SF2281 solid-state drive. That drive claims max read speeds of 550 MB / s and top write speeds of 500 MB / s. Indeed, when we ran the benchmark ATTO, simulating a 1GB transfer, our read / write rates peaked at those numbers. Needless to say, that’s leaps and bounds ahead of what you’ll get with the Aspire S3, which has a 320GB HDD for accessing files and 20GB of solid-state storage for storing the OS. In that same test, the S3 reached read speeds of about 80 MB / s and max write speeds of roughly 75 MB / s. And while the S3 booted in 45 seconds, the UX31 was consistently up and running in just 16. The UX31 also resumes from sleep in about two seconds, as promised (the S3 does the same). Through it all, the UX31 mostly remained cool and quiet, though it grew noisy and warm after playing a short 1080p trailer in. the Quicktime.

ASUS Zenbook UX31 Battery Life

Since the UX31 doesn’t have a user replaceable battery it’s a good thing that it gets reasonably good battery life. I found I could regularly get between 5 and 6 hours of run time while surfing the web, listening to music, and performing other light -weight tasks.

Watching video or performing CPU-intensive tasks (such as, for example, running benchmarks or transcoding video) will reduce the battery life.

Like most other Asus notebooks the Zenbook UX31 has a version of the Asus Hybrid Engine which gives you four different performance modes to choose from: High Performance, Quiet Office, Battery Saving, and Entertainment Mode.

You can toggle between these modes by hitting the Fn key and space bar. For most day to day tasks, the Battery Saving or Quiet Office modes will suffice.

Your Asus battery life will probably vary depending on which mode you use. You can also fire up the Power4Gear Hybrid app to adjust settings such as CPU speed, screen brightness, and screen timeout.

Laptop Review from: http://www.all-batteries.co.uk/products-news/ASUS-Zenbook-UX31-review.htm

May 5, 2012

Broad Spectrum Cell Phone Jammer

Filed under: Cell Phone Jammer — Tags: — anne @ 3:11 am

A powerful pocket-sized cell phone jammer that will disable all types of  mobile phones including the new 3G (UMTS) band. With rechargable Li-ion battery and an universal charger. Jams all mobile phone’s in a 10 meter radius Keeps you away from noise or disturbance of unexpected cellular phone calls. This Phone jammer will paralyse cellular phone signals within a twenty meter radius. All the specified frequency bands will be blocked simultaneously. It can be used in a meeting room, conference room, church, temple, restaurant, classroom, training center, bank, train, bus, hospital, gasstation, coffeeshop, etc

2G 3G Cell Phone Jammer

2G 3G Cell Phone Jammer

Specifications:

  • Cover interface: Digital-IDEN,TDMA,CDMA,GSM,UMTS,Analog-AMPS,NMT,N-AMPS,TACS
  • Isolation signal frequency:
  •  - CDMA: 850-894MHz
  •  - GSM: 925-960MHz
  •  - DCS: 1805-1880MHz
  •  - PHS or CDMA1900: 1900-1930MHz or 1930-1980MHz
  •  - 3G: 2110-2170MHz
  • Shielding Radius: 3M – 15M (depends on the strength signal in given area)
  • Power supply: Built in Rechargeable Li-ion battery
  • Typical Battery Life: 2-3 Hours
  • Dimension: 100*42*18mm

 

Cell Phone Signal Blocker

CellPhone Jammer from www.sales-battery.com

 

Package Details:

  1. 1 * Broad Spectrum Cell Phone Jammer
  2. 1 * Car Charger
  3. 1 * AC Adapter (We will ship out corret AC adapters according to your location)
  4. 3 * Detachable Antennas
  5. 1 * Power Cable
This Cellphone jammer system comes with a built in rechargeable Li-ion battery for hours of signal jamming, and with the included car power adapter, recharge and use this in your car as well as the office. Incredibly easy to operate, just switch it on and it will immediately start blocking CDMA, GSM, DCS and 3G to keep your immediate surrounds annoyance free.
 

April 28, 2012

Nikon D3200 DSLR Camera Review

Filed under: News — Tags: — anne @ 11:59 pm

 

Nikon D3200

Picture quality

There is no doubt that more pixels can lead to better resolution in the low sense of environment, after all, this is to increase the pixel can bring the most intuitive results. 24 million pixels compared to the past 14 million-pixel products in the total number of pixels to improve the 71% level, vertical and horizontal side length were also enhanced by as much as 31%. This is nearly 1/3 of the upgrade is obviously a very impressive figure.

High sense of quality, so the previous generation Nikon D3100 does not use more advanced manufacturing process, including seamless microprism lens and wiring technology in high sensitivity and can not be satisfactory. 24 million pixel sensor used by Nikon D3200 Although the source is not clear, but obviously should have a good sense of high performance.

Focus

Fact completely continuation of the metering and focusing system of the Nikon D3200 Nikon D3100 traditional, low-end SLR cameras, the D40 metering system source since the focus system is continuation of the selling for many years, since before the SLR the D80. Set of metering focusing systems are old, but after considerable test of time, it will certainly feel some performance but stability is also more than compared with the better camera. 420-pixel metering system that came with the current recognition of the 91000 it is just does not and will not have much deviation, but as the basis of metering is concerned. After all, the metering system and focus system compared to and will not appear obvious quality problems, again, again, again, is no more than 2EV overexposure or less blasting and 2000K color temperature gap, these are relatively easy to solve the problem, So the cost savings in the metering system will not actually bring any difficulties, of course, the optical viewfinder recognition of this high-tech thing I am afraid that in a short period of time we can not see the, but taking into account the maturity of this technology Type temporarily is not necessary.

Piece of the focusing system, this 11-point AF only center with cross on the focus, but all focus only aperture greater than 5.6 can play all the performance, after all, the D3200 corresponding user groups often do not use expensive lenses, and The tradition of Nikon camera is 5.6 aperture to meet the vast majority of performance, this set-focus system in general recovery coke performance certainly is almost mean, but a static picture of the focus is not a big problem, the question of out of focus due to the D3200 does not with a corresponding adjustment features so relatively speaking, certainly almost mean, but the Nikon camera out of focus control tend to be relatively good, so relatively speaking, is not the problem.

Continuous Shooting

Nikon D3200 Continuous shooting speed to the level of four per second, but also to some extent to the whole SLR camera industry has set a minimum standard, that is, less than 4 per second SLR / single micro camera has been completely Times have abandoned. Although shooting is certainly not the conventional shooting method, but obviously higher continuous shooting speed can help people good capture the moment, and even single-frame shooting mode, continuous pressing the shutter time can be shortened to 0.1 seconds very convenient.

Video

Nikon D3200 does not have lossless HDMI output capabilities of the Nikon D4, Nikon D800, but based shooting and machine the save function has been done with the current mainstream camera flush. Although the Nikon SLR of the pioneers of the video, but until the low-end SLR Nikon D3200 appears in the video capture specifications have to some extent, the inferior. The Nikon D3200 is still very popular H.264 encoding format, shooting format is divided into both 1080/30p and 720/60p video capture bit rate footer of 24Mbps (the D7000 is 1080/24p and 720/30p , 24Mbps), is still 4:2:0 encoding, but at least the frame rate on the do not lose most of the products.

WiFi capabilities

The Nikon D3200 digital SLR camera is currently the only commercially available with low cost WiFi components corresponding WiFi components currently on the market is the most inexpensive products. Of course, if the hardware cost of the WiFi component itself, in fact, this price is still a decline in space, depends on the manufacturers are willing to further decentralization. In fact, we can also see many camera manufacturers have begun to try the full WiFi capabilities will be introduced into the camera, Samsung is the best example, whether it is interchangeable lens camera NX20, NX210, NX1000, or small non-interchangeable lens the camera WB850F WB150F, DV300F, ST200F all with seven large full WiFi capabilities, we can say is very convenient. Other manufacturers, including Canon, Sony is also doing a similar attempt, but to start from entry SLR is true that only Nikon one. Nikon D3200 WiFi D4 as you can create a server or real-time upload to the FTP, but still retains the original remote control, live view, share photos and download photos of these four major functions.

In fact, the Nikon D3200 to everyone’s surprise, not the machine how good, but SLR cameras, the bottom line improved. Years of previous entry-level SLR camera a variety of God as the shrink today already can not see, the fundamental reason lies in the micro-single-camera full-blown gap to the SLR market.

News from: http://www.laptopbatteryshop.ca/article/Nikon-D3200-Reviews.htm

April 24, 2012

The basis of terms of the computer sound card

Filed under: computer repair — Tags: — anne @ 9:54 am

Described further, we first look at the following basic terms:
MIDI (Musical Instrument the Digital Interface, Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
MIDI is a set of MMA (MIDI Manufacturers Alliance, and the MIDI Manufacturers Association) to all MIDI device manufacturers develop sound and percussion exclusive list is an electronic musical instruments and electronic instruments and electronic instruments and computer unified exchange agreement. MIDI are generally used in the provisions of the sequencer, to describe the bytes it played music. MIDI to form computer music must be synthetic.
FM Synthesis (Frequency Modulation Synthesis, universal laptop adapter FM synthesis)
FM synthesis, the use of the principle of sound oscillations synthesis processing of MIDI sound card in the first widely adopted technology. The way to the synthesis of musical sound rather monotonous, and the result is not satisfactory, has been gradually wavetable synthesis replaced.
Wavetable Synthesis (wavetable synthesis)
The sound of a variety of real instruments prior to sampling, and then saved as a document of the wave form. Battery for IBM ThinkPad X200 Playback MIDI files recorded music information from the wave table file by the wavetable chip on the card or the PC CPU to find the corresponding voice message, after the synthesis, processing and playback. , FM, wavetable synthesis way due to the real sound samples of musical instruments, so the synthesis of musical sound natural.
According to the different wave table file placement and handling, can be divided into soft wave table, hard wave table and DLS wave table sound card. Among them, the hard wave table soundcard wave table file on-board ROM (read-only memory) and RAM (random access memory), so that the wavetable chip on the card at any time call performance, the high cost; soft wave table sound card wave table file stored on the user’s hard drive into memory when needed, and the work done originally by the wavetable chip on the card to the CPU to handle, the drawback is the high CPU utilization when playing MIDI; and the DLS (Downloadable Sample can download files of the wave form) wave table sound card, then the wave table file is placed in the user’s hard drive into memory when needed, the wave table file synthesized voice wavetable sound card chip directly from memory. DLS wave form for the general wave table file, regardless of the sound card what kind of chip, as long as they meet the DLS standard, you can download and use a uniform wave table file. PCI sound card is a lot of the technology, both the performance and cost. Usually the wave file size is 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, In theory, the ThinkPad X300 Battery pack wave form greater capacity, the synthesis of the better.
● S / PDIF (Sony / Philips Digital the Inter Face)
Sony and Philips jointly developed a digital audio input / output standard. Relative to the traditional sound card, S / PDIF interface can suppress the noise impacts because the analog connections, SNR up to 120dB, but also can reduce the signal loss between the analog to digital / digital to analog conversion.
API
Each company has its own set of algorithms and techniques to achieve 3D audio for these algorithms and programming interface API.
● of DirectSound
It is a component in DirectX, software developers the data through multiple audio streams directly write any DirectX compatible sound card. It supports a variety of sampling frequency, and can easily increase the software-based sound effects. , DirectSound is a sound synthesis engine, it uses system memory to accommodate different audio streams.
● the DS3D (of DirectSound 3D)
DS3D, Microsoft Corporation developed specifically for the game, the role is to help developers define the sound positioning and sound in 3D space, then handed it to the the DS3D compatible sound card, so they use various algorithms to achieve. DS3D DirectX, continuous development and improvement, which has been supported by many sound card manufacturers.
● EAX (environmental audio extensions Environmental Audio Extensions)
It is proposed by Singapore’s Creative SB LIVE Series sound card, an expanded set of replacement ThinkPad G41 Battery application programming interface based on Microsoft DirectSound3D. Environmental sound expansion technology features sound effects to simulate the real environment by adjusting the reverberation, synthesis fidelity audio parameters to reproduce multi-channel sound, reverb, echo, pitch and delay in real time a variety of 3D sound, which gives rise to the immersive feel.
● Aureal 3D
A3D for short, it is developed by the United States Aureal Semiconductor, an interactive 3D positional audio technology. The use of this technology application can determine the sound changes based on user input to produce 3D positional sound around the audience, bringing a real listening experience.

The main performance parameters
● sampling frequency
Analog audio signals into digital signals stored in memory in the process is called digital audio collection. The sampling frequency compared to obtain the number of sound samples per second. The standard sampling frequency 11.025KHz (voice), 22.05KHz (FM radio), 44.1KHz (CD). Many sound cards can provide continuous sampling frequency up to 48KHz. Usually the higher the sampling rate, the more accurate waveform recording music, music, the higher the fidelity, but it accounted for more resources.
● sample median
Refers to the use of digital sound signal by the number of bits in the capture and playback of sound files, sound card, namely, the A / D and D / A conversion accuracy. The higher the ThinkPad T410 Battery median, the higher the sampling accuracy.
● polyphony number
Polyphony refers to the number of MIDI songs sent in one second sound. Polyphony greater the tone, the better, more voices can be heard when playing MIDI and more delicate. Hardware support polyphony refers to all of its polyphony is generated by the sound card chip, software support polyphony “is a software synthesizer on the basis of the” hardware polyphony “.
● frequency response (FR Frequency Response)
This is the sound card ADC and DAC converter frequency response of the evaluation. The reception range of the human ear to sound roughly in 20Hz ~ 20KHz, so the sound card in the range of the audio signal to maintain a linear response effect, the processes (power gain) or decline (power attenuation) are distortion reflected. Should normally be controlled within ± 3dB.
Half-duplex and full-duplex (Half the Duplex, Full Duplex)
Duplex, said bi-directional signal transmission can be achieved in the same line. When the data can be transmitted in either direction, but only in one direction at the same time, this situation is called half-duplex; called full-duplex can send and receive information.
● signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, the Signal-to-the Noise Ratio)
Refers to the useful signal and noise signal power ratio is an important indicator used to diagnose a sound card noise suppression capability is expressed in decibels (db). SNR values ​​the greater the sound card, the better the filtering effect, according to the provisions of the of Microsoft PC’98 in, signal to noise ratio must be at least 80 db.
● the number of channels
The number of channels is an important symbol of one of the Dell Inspiron 1545 Adapter sound card support. From the early days of mono, stereo, now 4,4.1,5,5.1,7.1 surround, along with three-dimensional sound technology advances, users can obtain a more perfect game sound effects and sound field positioning.

Second, the basic structure
Sound chip / chipset
Is the core of the sound card, Its function is to deal with a variety of digitized sound signal. The digital audio sound chip can use the following: general audio signals (WAV files, CD, LP) or the signal sent by the CODEC chip, or S / P DIF interface, MIDI and other data formats. The processing functions of the audio chip: mixing and special sound processing (control of the core on the chip with the DSP core is completed). The recent sound chips are often integrated S / P DIF digital signal interface, can be a digital signal for transmission over longer distances.
Audio CODEC (digital signal encoder / decoder) chip
Another important component of the sound card, which is responsible for converting the analog signal to digital signal A / D converter and digital signal into analog signal D / A converter. CD IN, Line IN and MIC IN on the sound card line-level inputs and Line Out, line level output by the CODEC. Its classification, including the original 8-bit mono, 8 stereo, usually 16-bit stereo and multi-channel 16-bit stereo. In general, the higher the median, the higher the sampling frequency, the better the accuracy.
Wave table file memory
Wavetable sound card, memory, used to store the wave table file similar to the shape of the memory chips, the normal capacity of 1M ~ 4M.
Sound card interface and jack
The sound card of the early use of the 16 bus, Dell inspiron 1720 charger ISA bus card, sound card now mostly 32-bit bus PCI bus card with the development of technology and increasingly sophisticated, in order to take full advantage of the PCI bus transfer rate. PCI sound card is usually the DLS wave table sound card.
Typically, the sound card has the following jacks:
● Game / MIDI interface
Used to connect an external game controller joystick, lever, steering wheel, but also can be used to connect a MIDI keyboard and the keyboard.
● linear output jacks (LINE OUT / SPEAK the OUT)
The sound card is used to deal with a good sound input to the powered speakers, headphones and amplifiers.
● microphone input jack (MIC IN)
Used to connect microphones, mainly used in speech recognition, entertainment and recording.
● line input jacks (LINE IN)
Walkman or TV sound signals of the external device is used to input into the computer.
● Analog CD audio input (CD-IN)
Used to receive analog audio signals from CD-ROM drive.
● digital CD audio input interface (the DIGITAL CD AUDIO IN)
For receiving digital audio signals from the optical drive, ensure that minimize sound distortion.
● auxiliary audio input (AUX-IN)
MPEG encoder / decoder card, TV card, DVD decoder card and other devices to the sound signal to the sound card, making all kinds of equipment, sound signals are sent through the sound card speaker.
● Digital daughter card expansion pin (SPDIF-EXT)
For supporting daughter card connected to the digital signal input and output. Makes the MOTOROLA HT1000 Battery sound card and a dedicated digital recording equipment connected to (such as: DAT, MD, etc.), and can output AC-3 signals.
• Coaxial digital output (S / PDIF OUT)
Used to output Dolby Digital AC-3 signal to AC3 audio decoder.
Introduced here due to space constraints, a basic knowledge of the sound card. Sound card too many models, different model structures and parameters are slightly different. Readers interested in For-depth understanding of instructions and related materials may wish to refer to the models.

DDR2 memory technology

Filed under: computer repair — Tags: — anne @ 1:49 am

The current frequency of the processor and I / O bandwidth is very high, memory is needed to provide high data transmission rate to match. To know that the memory bandwidth of at least synchronize the front-side bus bandwidth, so as not to affect the processor performance of the play. And the speed of the processor upgrade continues, the memory needed per second to provide more data to meet the requirements of the processor. Upgrade the memory speed is already quite difficult, this time shift to DDR2 may well be a reasonable time, it provides a way to increase memory bandwidth of Hong Chong Road, MOTOROLA GP320 battery pack can alleviate many of the problems currently encountered.

Two ways to improve the memory performance of

Memory performance is calculated by the following formula: speed = bit wide × frequency

Speed ​​memory performance (MB / s) used to represent bits wide is referred to as memory bus width (bit), the frequency of course refers to the frequency of data transmission, pay attention, here is the frequency of data transmission, rather than memory frequency, the DDR era, the data transmission frequency is twice the frequency of memory work.

Therefore, improving the performance, there are two ways to increase the bit wide memory bus is to improve the frequency of the memory work. Well, let’s look at how today’s state of the 360136-001 battery memory is.

Memory development of many types, but they are based on the original DRAM cell, in fact, it is a transistor and a capacitor combination of very simple but also very efficient. Try would like to discard this array of old transistor-based storage, there has been some new storage technology, such as MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM), FRAM (Ferroelectric RAM), but they do not have enough success. No other type of memory to provide a DRAM is similar to a combination of capacity, price and speed of solution.

Of course there are many fast basic unit of structure, such as static memory (SRAM), it does not like dynamic memory that need to be refreshed (precharge), but each of its storage unit consumption of a large number of transistors, it is too expensive, too big memory chips can not reach a large enough capacity, there are some inexpensive solutions, but their performance can not be used to PC’s main memory system.

In other words, the basic DRAM architecture is still the basis of the modern type of memory, so all modern memory types are inherited advantages and disadvantages of the DRAM: it needs to refresh (pre-charge, or will disappear with the leakage DRAM data ), and the maximum operating frequency (which is also the shortcomings of charge to store data using capacitive). To talk about the last parameter, you can notice that the clock frequency is the place of the DRAM only change in a long time. When other subsystems of the PC’s become faster and faster, only the classic memory unit organizational structure is difficult to increase clock frequency. In fact, the Aspire 5315 Battery enhancement of the clock frequency is entirely due to advances in semiconductor technology, the DRAM structure did not contribute to the frequency increase.

Today, only those selected operating frequency of memory storage array can reach 275MHz DDR550 (Hynix released), these are costly products can not achieve mass production. Should be noted that the frequency of memory storage array can not be achieved 550MHz memory transfer speed.

Therefore, we are left to the next road, and that is to increase the width of the memory bus, but this method is subject to many restrictions: Today, the standard platform using dual channel 128bit memory bus, it’s design, layout than the original 64-bit memory channel motherboard complexity a lot, almost hard to improve the memory bus at a reasonable cost median. Continue to increase the bus width, not only costly, but also brought about by electromagnetic interference can cause a great negative impact.

To their own opinion, we created a deadlock, BG-E6 Battery Grip memory cells can not increase the frequency, memory bus width can not be easily increased, we go from here?

DDR2 memory is the solution

SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random-access Memory)

First, let us recall that it has abandoned the working principle of the SDRAM, in fact, within it, including the memory cell array, as well as input / output buffers and power / refresh circuit, the last unit (power / refresh circuit) and below the description does not matter. Its three subsystems (memory cell array of input / output cache) to the same frequency, which is why it is called synchronous memory reasons. For example, a 100MHz 64-bit bus width SDRAM memory data I / O cache and then to the memory controller. PC100 memory, the memory module is known, its bandwidth is 800 MB / s (100MHz × 8 bytes or 64 bits) per clock cycle transfer data, it is the edge of the clock to transfer data.

DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM)

DDR was called this name, because of its ability to transfer data twice to the same frequency of SDRAM, that is, per clock cycle transmission twice, rising and falling edges of the clock signal to transfer data. But doubling the data come from the designers to use a little trick: the memory storage unit of work in the same clock frequency, but the Portable Solar Laptop Charger internal bus widened in this way to promote the speed of the memory module. In other words, from the internal array to the cache between the bus width is twice the external bus (buffer to the controller), the result makes the cache to the controller data transfer rate of twice the frequency of the internal storage unit. In other words, the storage unit uses a wide but a slower bus, but when the data transmission to the controller using a narrow but fast bus.

The actual figures, the bus of the SDRAM internal memory array is 32, the operating frequency of 100MHz cache bus to an external controller 32, the operating frequency of 100MHz. Where the data flow is not changed, internal and external bus width and frequency did not change the SDRAM module is synchronous read the two chips to reach a bandwidth of 64.

Dell laptop battery DDR, the situation is different, the internal storage array through a 64-bit 100MHz bus connection I / O cache (called signal amplifier), but the data to the memory controller needs by 32 bus twice. In other words, twice per clock cycle of transmission data, respectively, by the rising and falling edges of clock transmission signal. The result is that the data transfer rate is twice the frequency of internal storage array. We can depict a scene: the data flow slowly through the wide pipe, and then enter a narrow channel, but the flow is faster. DDR memory module is 64, two chips on the modules simultaneous read-write.

This memory is referred to as DDR200 (data transfer rate to name) or PC1600. In fact, the internal DRAM memory cells work in DDR266 memory frequency is 133MHz, DDR333 in the storage array operating frequency is 166MHz, DDR400 in the storage array operating frequency is 200MHz, the fastest Aspire 7735Z Battery DDR SDRAM frequency (here does not include those overclocking memory) of 550MHz, its internal array operating frequency of 275MHz, this frequency has been very difficult to continue to improve. At this point, you need a new memory standard in the coming period to ensure the memory frequency and performance can be stabilized to improve.

DDR2
On the face of the explanation of the DDR SDRAM, DDR2 features it is easy to understand, and DDR, its internal storage array to the I / O cache through a spacious 64-bit, 100MHz bus, but data from the cache to the external controller through a fast and narrow bus (16, 200 MHz), the external bus is still double the transmission of data strategy, we get the data transfer rate of 400MHz. Therefore, the 64 modules need to use the four segments (banks). Memory modules DDR2-400, the same labeling method and ACER laptop battery DDR memory, memory data transfer rate to identify.

April 21, 2012

Computer firmware introduced

Filed under: computer repair — Tags: — anne @ 6:30 am

Firmware (Firmware) noun explain: the so-called firmware (Firmware) is to write EROM or EPROM (programmable read-only memory) in the program, popular understanding of “curing software. Easier, the Firmware is the BIOS software, but software is completely different, it is cured in the IC internal program code, responsible for control and coordination of the functionality of integrated circuits.

That the firmware in the end refers to the hardware or software? We now understand, the firmware should refer to the software. But the range of software types, not all software can be called firmware, in general, as a most basic, the bottom of the work of software, called firmware, such as we often say that the computer’s motherboard BIOS, In fact, more professionals call it firmware (FirmWare) before.

Usually these Battery Grip for Canon BG-E8 procedures are stored within the hardware can not be read or modified in the past, under normal circumstances there is no need to upgrade the firmware in firmware found serious bugs must be performed by professionals with with the written program EPROM replaced the original machine’s EPROM.

Early PC performance is not high, the design is not very flexible, so the BIOS chips generally use a ROM design the Firmware code is cured in the production process, can not be modified by any means. With the continuous development of the computer, modify the BIOS to adapt to the constantly updated hardware environment has become an urgent requirement of the users, therefore, can be rewritable EPROM.

EPROM can be erased by ultraviolet original Firmware update and then a dedicated reader. Due to low prices, often low-end graphics card, Modem, but this process requires special equipment and technical requirements for the general user does not have, the difficulty of the operation is very high, so the individual user wants to upgrade the BIOS is still difficult.

With the rapid development of PC technology, the current APPLE A1181 Battery pack BIOS almost always switch to the EEPROM (also called the E2PROM, electrically erasable programmable memory) and Flash Memory (Flash) design, which is a fast flash memory, but also a non-volatile memory, online erased and rewritten. The two structures, processes and the applicability of different EEPROM used for motherboards and other need immediate part of the changes, save the Firmware (we usually BIOS settings, optimization) and computer equipment, Flash Memory is used for the drive, the modem digital cameras need to completely modify the storage of Firmware computer equipment.

Understanding of the basic principles of the firmware, we can come to the understanding of the firmware: as the bottom of the most basic of a system software. In hardware, firmware, hardware soul, because a number of hardware devices in addition to no other software other than the firmware, the firmware determines the function and performance of hardware devices.

We Take the example of the common COMBO drive firmware can be said that it is the nerve center can also be called COMBO operating system, which includes many modules: drive, control, decoding, transmission, testing … only if it under the control of COMBO to work properly. The same time, the firmware also comes with many additional features such as error correction, security, recording technology, play and control technology.

In fact, the key technologies in the DM800 HD V75 PVR COMBO drive firmware is the identification of a variety of disc, and this is by identifying CD, CD-R (W) and DVD discs in the groove of data density and the chemical layer of the disc, completed. When the disc into the CD-ROM, CD-ROM to receive an operation command, control chip containing the firmware will issue a command, the laser head according to the instructions in order to issue a DVD read, CD-ROM read and write CD-R, CD-RW erase the four laser test, if you receive feedback to determine whether it is for which type of disc. In accordance with this operating procedure, a general DVD-ROM disc recognition time, the CD disc need to identify the two CD-R and CD-RW will have after three. Obviously, the production level of the firmware determines the quality of the COMBO drive.

We can see from the COMBO drive, hardware, firmware and hardware have almost equal status, and firmware to some extent, may be more important than others. Because only the preparation of the excellent firmware can be more fully and skillfully play the role of the hardware, and excellent firmware can also make up for some hardware defects.

Although the name of “firmware”, but anyway, it still should we be understood as software, and progress, this firmware due to the current IC with Flash as the carrier to upgrade the firmware has become more and more simple, the more and more dangerous, the difference between firmware and we usually refer to the program has been getting smaller and smaller.

In the early days to upgrade the firmware in order to solve some bugs and compatibility issues. With the advent of the Portable Cell Phone Jammer information age, the vendor’s design is difficult to fully meet customer demand, more manufacturers to upgrade the firmware to provide more updated features available to users as a value-added. Therefore, we can do the firmware upgrade to the following summary:

After the release of the product manufacturers on the Firmware has been further optimization and innovation, so that it can work in a better state. After firmware upgrade, you can bring a performance improvement.
2 products out of production, as around the soft, the hardware environment changes and updates, many new hardware and software products may not compatible with the phenomenon. Manufacturers by updating the Firmware file, the hardware is compatible with more updated hardware and software, and constantly enhance the compatibility of the product.
In the original hardware on the basis of the manufacturers to develop a new function for the original product, simply update the Firmware you can add new features.
(4) For any production software and hardware, there may exist some defects, manufacturers can update the Firmware to fix error in previous versions, vulnerability or lack of.

Although the upgrade is very simple, but some points should be noted that, because after all the firmware upgrade is a certain risk, so before the upgrade and upgrade, to be prudent and careful. In order to avoid lost Jingzhou.

(1) backup the original firmware, which can prevent the fall back to their original version upgrade error or are not satisfied with the new version of firmware.
(2) save the new firmware file, most products can be achieved directly over a network upgrade, but downloaded to your computer and then upgrade the reliability is much higher.
(3) Turn off the computer and related software, subject to interference from other software in order to prevent the upgrade process, it is best to temporarily shut down the unwanted software, especially antivirus software.
4 throughout the refresh process, must not be powered down.
Before upgrading, try to disable the screen saver and power management system.
6 double-check provided by the HP Compaq 6730s Battery manufacturer of the Firmware file and its own hardware device model, make sure eligible for upgrade.

For hard drives, we can understand: like the hard disk is a computer host (microcontroller in fact be regarded as) the firmware, then the equivalent of the BIOS and operating system and programs, including because the firmware inside the boot command, control statements, and the statement is executed from the size of the backup firmware can be seen.

The size of hard drive models are included on the inside, these are referred to as manufacturer information, Some of these command statement information stored in the chip, collectively referred to as firmware. Some plate negative tracks are stored in the part of the circuit board of chips stored on the hard disk is zero track in front of the track (this part of the general software can not read), and some hard disk is all the command all statements, information stored in the negative track, so the same, the Sony laptop battery cost can be greatly reduced.

Most of the hard disk the problem is out of this command statement, information (firmware), because each hard disk boot, should read these statements, the passage of time will go wrong, we know that the hard drive with a long, an error occurs, or is a logical bad or the physical bad sectors or partition table is lost, in short, is a lot of problems, the same negative track will be out this problem, if not negative track physical bad sectors, then the hard disk to repair the success rate is high as long as the use of specialized tools that firmware to write again on it.

Conclusion

The firmware upgrade can you solve the problems of long-standing bugs, bring your dream of new features, upgrade the firmware has become a PC enthusiasts who are keen to enhance the performance of the hardware. With the efforts of manufacturers to upgrade the firmware has been more and more simple, more secure, the firmware upgrade is not professional and technical personnel
Firmware, also known as FIRMWARE, it is stored in the Blackbox 500S Receiver device EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable memory chip read-only) chips, may be specific refresh the upgrade process. It acts as the BIOS of the motherboard inside the hardware with software written in assembly language, coordination of equipment between the various internal components work with each other.

April 19, 2012

Computer Repair – display class failure

Filed under: computer repair — Tags: — anne @ 6:53 am

One, defined for example

Such failure not only contains the display device or component failure, and also contains bad due to other components caused by an abnormal phenomenon in the display. In other words, show the failure is not necessarily caused by the display device, should conduct a comprehensive observation and judgment.

Second, the possible failure phenomenon

1, the boot no significant display sometimes or often can not power;
2, showing color cast, jitter, or scroll, showing hair is true, the video and so on;
3, in certain applications or configure video, dark (or black), ghosting, crash;
Screen parameters can not be set or modified;
5, the brightness or contrast is not adjustable or adjustable range of small screen size or NP-FH50 Battery location can not be adjusted or a smaller range;
6, Sleep wake abnormalities;
7, monitors the smell or sound.

Canon EOS 600D Battery GripThird, the components may be involved in

Monitors, graphics cards and their settings; motherboard, memory, power supplies, and other related components. Particular attention to the computer peripheral equipment and geomagnetic interference on the computer.

To determine the points / order

1, the preparation before the repair. Corresponding graphics card the latest version of driver
2, the environmental inspection
1) The power check:
A. mains voltage ± 10% in 220V, 50Hz or 60Hz; mains stable;
B. the rest of the power class failure related to the mains of the inspected part.

2) Connect the check:
A. monitor connection to the host solid, correct (pay special attention to, when the two display port is connected to the correct display port); cable connector pins for deformation, fracture, etc., should be noted that the examination showed that cable Quality is intact;
B. monitor is properly connected to the power to market, its power indicator is correct (whether bright colors);
C. Np-FV100 Battery display device abnormalities, with no ground wire. Special Note: Do not allow the computer maintenance engineer for the user to install the ground wire should be requested through formal electrician to install;

3) check the peripheral and the host environment:
A. Check the ambient temperature and humidity is consistent with the manual (such as Zuanshi Long tubes, requiring the use of temperature to 18 ~ 40C);
B. monitor power, odor, smoke or abnormal sound (such as a popping sound, etc.);
C. display components on the card whether deformation, discoloration, or temperature rise of the phenomenon of excessive;
D. card is plugged in, can be re-inserted with a rubber or alcohol to wipe the display card (including the Goldfinger part of other boards) to check; dust within the host more cleanup;
E. ambient disruptors (these disruptors include: fluorescent lights, UPS, speakers, hair dryer, aligning themselves too close (less than 50 cm) displays, and other high-power electromagnetic devices, cables, etc.). Note the placement direction of the display may also be due to the influence of the geomagnetic interfere with the display device;
F. failure phenomenon for the cast, jitter, etc. by changing the display orientation and position, check the Wireless SD Card fault phenomenon ability to disappear.

1) Other inspections and precautions:

A. host power, whether the normal self-test and run the action (if any self-test to complete their calls, the hard disk light is flashing, etc.), and if so, the focus on examination of the monitor or graphics card;
B. Prohibition of live moving display and monitor the direction of power failure after a period of time (2 to 3 minutes) is also best not to move your monitor.

1, failure to judge points
1) to adjust the monitor and graphics card:
A. by adjusting the Camcorder Batteries monitor’s OSD option, it is best to return to the RECALL (factory state) status to check if the fault disappears. For LCD monitors, need to look at auto the config button;
B. monitor the parameters and whether too high or too low (such as the H / V-MOIRE can not RECALL to recover);
C. monitor each button adjustment, whether the offset monitor whether the adjustment range of the specifications;
D. display abnormal sound or abnormal odor, is beyond the display technology specification requirements (such as the new monitor is used, there will be abnormal odor; just power due to degaussing sound, screen jitter, But these are normal). The specifications of the monitor, please refer to Appendix II (b);
E. Display technical specifications of the card is available in the host (such as AGP 2.0 card is available in the AGP slot of the host medium).
iPad 2 Foldable Leather Case

2) BIOS configuration adjustments:
A. the BIOS settings are used with the current aspire 5920 battery graphics card type or location of the monitor is connected to match (ie, using an onboard graphics card, or an external graphics card; AGP graphics card or a PCI graphics card);
B. does not support automatic allocation of video memory onboard graphics card, need to check the BIOS memory size to meet the needs of the application;

The following checks should be in the minimum system software.

3) Check the monitor / card driver:

A. monitor / card driver and display device to match version whether it is appropriate;
B. displays drivers are correct, if there is a driver provided by the manufacturer, it is best to use the manufacturers drivers;
C. load Direct X drivers (including motherboard drivers);
D. If the system is equipped with Direct X drivers, Dxdiag.exe command to check its available display system is faulty. The program can also be used to check the sound card device.

4) inspection of the property, resources:

A. in the Device Manager to check whether there are other devices and display card resource conflicts, if the first device to remove these conflicts;
B. show the appropriateness of the setting of the property (such as: incorrect type of monitor, refresh rate, resolution and color depth, it will cause double images, blurring, Video Door Phone Intercom video, jitter, and even the phenomenon of black);

5) the operating system configuration and application inspection:

A. System configuration file (such as: the System.ini file) is set up properly;
B. shows the technical specifications of the card or the display driver functionality to support the needs of the application;
C. whether there is other software and hardware conflicts.

6) Hardware check:

A. When the display to adjust the normal one by one add other components to check what parts not displayed correctly;
B. through the replacement of different types of graphics card or monitor, check whether there is a match between them;
C. by replacing the hardware check whether or not displayed properly due to hardware failure caused by (the order of the proposed replacement for the graphics card, memory, Battery Grip for Canon BG-E2N motherboard).

April 18, 2012

Installation of needle CPU

Filed under: computer repair — Tags: — anne @ 2:35 am

Before it comes to CPU installation, I give to introduce the knowledge of the mainstream CPU corresponding to the CPU socket.

Relatively common form of CPU interface: Socket 7, Slot 1, Socket 370, Slot A, the Socket 462 (also known as Socket A), the Socket 423, Socket 478, Socket 370, Socket A and Socket 478 are dominant . Socket 370 interface corresponds to Intel’s Celeron, Pentium Series III and VIA C3 series; Socket 462 interface corresponds to the AMD Duron, Athlon and AthlonXP series; Socket 478 interface corresponds to the Intel Pentium 4 series.
Slot meaning in English is a “slot” Socket “socket”. Therefore, who named to Slot CPU interface, expansion slot on the long trough-shaped (like the motherboard is similar to so called “slot”), the DM500S Satellite Receiver CPU on the plug on its long card like, there are many “Goldfinger”; interfaces must be named by the Socket socket, the corresponding CPU is flake, like with a lot of pins.

Tip: How do I know what type of CPU socket?

Will be clearly marked on the CPU socket on the motherboard, such as: Socket 370, Socket 462. It should be noted is that the Socket 478 socket is generally marked as “mPGA 478B” rather than “Socket 478″.

The motherboard into the chassis, the best first CPU and memory installed, to prevent the successful installation of the motherboard to install after a narrow space inside the chassis affect the CPU, such as.

The first step, a little outward / upward force to pull the locking lever on the CPU socket and socket 90 degree angle, so that the CPU can be inserted into the processor socket.
The second step, then the CPU pin the lack of needle area at the outlet gap.
The third step, the CPU can only be in the right direction before HP 416996-131 Battery can be inserted into the socket, and then press the lock lever.
The fourth step is evenly coated with enough thermal grease (grease) on the CPU core. But be careful not painted too much, evenly coated with a thin layer can be.

Tip: on the CPU must be coated with thermal grease or block heat pad. This helps the waste heat conduction by the processor to the heatsink. Thermal media is not on the processor can cause crashes and even burned the CPU! In addition, the contact surface of the cooling device of any slight deviation, or even just a small point of dust will result in not effective waste heat conduction from the processor. Grease the contact surface of the CPU (impression) filled with tiny thermal channels. The cooling device manufacturers in their products with a thermal grease, if you do not, in most computer or electronics parts store will sell. Computer * Maintenance – know know _ Network (w_ww the * dnw_xzs * co_m)

Installing the CPU

Before installing the CPU, it is best to prepare some tools: screwdriver, needle nose pliers. Although there is no tool that we can still install, but with the tools easier to install these. Both of these tools is not to tighten the screws, but in order to install the CPU heat sink clip. Also, prepare some thermal grease. Suitably spread the thermal grease that allows the Canon EOS 600D Battery Grip CPU core and radiator good contact so as to achieve the purpose of heat conduction.

STEP1: mainstream CPU socket are based on a ZIF (Zero the Insertion Force, zero insertion force) design, which is added a lever next to the CPU socket. Such as installing or removing the CPU, just need to pull the lever on the can. Installing the CPU, first pulling up the brown side of the CPU socket lever and the angle was 90 degrees.

STEP2: CPU is not just a can be inserted into the CPU socket, install the CPU must be in accordance with the specific direction to insert. Applicable to the Socket 478: Pentium 4 Socket 478 interface, for example, in the lower left corner of the CPU positive, there will be an arrow, the main purpose is to prompt everyone to correspond to the lack of needle position on the Socket 478 socket. For the Socket 462: Socket 462 socket on the two missing angle in the lower left corner of the CPU positive will find a missing angle, in the missing angle of the edge of a small square mark in the lower right corner will be found that the “N” mark. Install the CPU, they must pay attention to the angle corresponding to two missing on the motherboard, as shown. There are two gaps in the Socket 370 socket, only the direction of the Socket A socket. Before installation can put CPU the Celi up, the alignment notch on the vertical, then the APPLE M9324 Battery CPU into the CPU socket.

STEP3: Make sure the CPU is fully inserted into the CPU socket, and then put down the rod, just to hear the “cracking” Qing Xiang can

STEP: 4 Finally, we can put the thermal grease to take that onto the surface of the CPU core, shown in Figure 5. But do not smear too much to speak, a thin layer can be.

Online shop:

Universal Solar Charger for Laptop from UK shop

8G Wireless SD Card from Canada shop

April 16, 2012

Common sense of the car engine

Filed under: car tips — Tags: — anne @ 3:25 am

In fact, the engine cabin and do not imagine so complicated, especially the owners to yourself to check matters, then a number of basic things, but if we always pay attention to view, you can save a lot of trouble in the future CANON camcorder battery maintenance. Let us look at what needs to be common sense to know and be able to do it yourself to solve.

The oil is the key to ensure that the engine is running smoothly, although the manufacturers recommend every 5000 or 10,000 km replacement, ground check can keep abreast of the engine status, preventive measures. Check the oil needs to stop the vehicle on level ground, turn off the engine and wait for more than five minutes, so that the oil full flow back into the sump. Pull out the oil-foot wipe traces of oil, and then plug back to the oil-foot pilot hole, pause a moment and then pull out the view. Oil level between the upper and lower grooves fit, if you exceed the engraved lines of the above, easily lead to burn oil, excess oil should be released; below under the reticle will exacerbate engine wear, from the IBM 08K8195 laptop battery fuel filler added at the last maintenance of the same oil , it is recommended not to discard the rest of the excess new oil in the 4S shop maintenance to prepare for contingencies. Wait a few minutes after the supplementary oil check the oil level again. Check the oil level should also pay attention to check the oil pollution levels, if necessary, shorten the oil change intervals.

Check the coolant

The amount of coolant is easy to view, but need the engine to stop running, and to cool down completely (touch a radiator is not hot at the top). Because it would somewhat change the coolant level when the OLYMPUS Camera Battery engine is running is not easy to see accurate. Under normal circumstances, the height of the coolant should be between the highest and lowest points of the ruler. If the coolant is abnormal increased, indicating that the engines have potential problems. First excess coolant discharge, falls between the highest and the lowest point, and then to constantly view. If the coolant continues to rise, will have to be repaired immediately; If the coolant level drops below the lowest point, indicating that the engine water shortages will result in overheating, and in severe damage to the engine. Supplemental coolant is best manufacturers under the same brand name products, such as not particularly urgent circumstances, do not add water. Darken hair color, such as the cooling fluid turbid, indicating the decline in the quality need of replacement.

Check the brake fluid

The brakes for the safety of the Lenovo 41U3198 laptop battery vehicle driving is very important, so it is necessary to regularly check the surface of the brake fluid and brake wear. The liquid level should be between the brake reservoir on the side of the “MIN” and “MAX” mark. If the liquid level is below the “MIN” mark to add brake fluid to the “MAX” position, not to excess. If the brake system, brake fluid model is incorrect, would seriously damage the brake system components, resulting in the brake does not work, do not even work. Must be careful not to splash the eyes when dealing with brake fluid, brake fluid is spilled in the car body, if not immediately erase the damage paint. If the liquid level is too low brake fluid, lantern lit the handbrake on the instrument, then if the handbrake, it has been completely relaxed, check the brake fluid level.

Check power steering fluid

Also on the level on a regular basis to check power steering fluid, steering fluid leak is suspected, the apparent need to check the abnormal sound or not working properly. Winter when the cold start, the power steering pump may be short-term noise, which is due to the low temperature so that the ThinkPad R500 Battery fluid becomes thick and sticky, is normal, hot cars disappeared after. Must use a dedicated power steering oil, add some repair shop is the easy way to use automatic transmission fluid (ATF) to replace, will cause permanent damage to seals, and in severe burn the booster pump, that loss!

Check the battery

Although many cars have been using so-called “maintenance free” battery, but some are still using the traditional plus “water” battery models because of cost considerations. These batteries have a translucent shell, and marked surface on the lower limit of the shell, you can view the battery water is not enough (if not clear can shake the body surface a little vibration easy to observe). Battery water composition is dilute sulfuric acid supplement can only use distilled water (Note that if you accidentally skin or clothing touches the battery water required to flush with water).

Due to each small cell in the HP 620 ac adapter is not connected through supplementary battery water to a Canadian outlet individually, and be careful not to exceed the ceiling. “Maintenance free” battery only through the upper part of the observation window check the “electric eye” color green. Either battery life is approximately 2 years, if not replace, can only say is a multi-day to earn one day, in the winter, and fast “end of life battery it is prone to lack of electricity can not start the phenomenon.

Check the windshield washing liquid

Inspection of the glass washing liquid (commonly known as water glass) in front of several less stringent feeling spray out the reasons for not nozzle clogging, that is, a glass of water run out, you must quickly raise, do not let the motor dry run, the glass jug mostly hidden below to reveal only the filler, and some models will be filling his mouth to see a float, prompt level, the more there is no harm, feel free to fill it! can use to insects glass of water in the summer, help to clean up dead insects in the glass and shellac; winter must use to frost the Dell Inspiron 1520 ac adapter glass of water, especially hatchback with windshield scrubber should pay more attention: from the engine compartment to the scrubber long plastic pipe, easy to freeze crack, put antifreeze glass of water to spray several times, so that rows of the residual water in the net tube or frost glass of water.

If more than ten years ago, the raising of a car really need to know a lot of expertise, the owners now basically just the car like a new car more and more advanced, more and more rugged everywhere 4S shop owners Province go to a lot of trouble, even to pay the regulatory examination of the so-called mechanical knowledge has repeatedly simplifying could not be simpler. But if we are usually on the vehicle can do a simple routine inspections will extend Inspiron 1464 Adapter vehicle life and reduced maintenance overhead played a significant role. As the saying goes the third repair seven support.

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